Difference between revisions of "Publications/lazzara.13.ijdar"

From LRDE

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| volume = 17
 
| volume = 17
 
| number = 2
 
| number = 2
| pages = 105 to 123
+
| pages = 105–123
 
| publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
 
| publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
 
| abstract = This work is focused on the most commonly used binarization method: Sauvola's. It performs relatively well on classical documents. However, three main defects remain: the window parameter of Sauvola's formula do not fit automatically to the content; it is not robust to low contrasts; it is non-invariant with respect to contrast inversion. Thus, on documents such as magazines, the content may not be retrieved correctly which is crucial for indexing purpose. In this paper, we describe how to implement an efficient multiscale implementation of Sauvola's algorithm in order to guarantee good binarization for both small and large objects inside a single document without adjusting the window size to the content. We also describe on how to implement it in an efficient way, step by step. Pixel-based accuracy and OCR evaluations are performed on more than 120 documents. This implementation remains notably fast compared to the original algorithm. For fixed parameters, text recognition rates and binarization quality are equal or better than other methods on small and medium text and is significantly improved on large text. Thanks to the way it is implemented, it is also more robust on textured text and on image binarization. This implementation extends the robustness of Sauvola's algorithm by making the results almost insensible to the window size whatever the object sizes. Its properties make it usable in full document analysis toolchains.
 
| abstract = This work is focused on the most commonly used binarization method: Sauvola's. It performs relatively well on classical documents. However, three main defects remain: the window parameter of Sauvola's formula do not fit automatically to the content; it is not robust to low contrasts; it is non-invariant with respect to contrast inversion. Thus, on documents such as magazines, the content may not be retrieved correctly which is crucial for indexing purpose. In this paper, we describe how to implement an efficient multiscale implementation of Sauvola's algorithm in order to guarantee good binarization for both small and large objects inside a single document without adjusting the window size to the content. We also describe on how to implement it in an efficient way, step by step. Pixel-based accuracy and OCR evaluations are performed on more than 120 documents. This implementation remains notably fast compared to the original algorithm. For fixed parameters, text recognition rates and binarization quality are equal or better than other methods on small and medium text and is significantly improved on large text. Thanks to the way it is implemented, it is also more robust on textured text and on image binarization. This implementation extends the robustness of Sauvola's algorithm by making the results almost insensible to the window size whatever the object sizes. Its properties make it usable in full document analysis toolchains.

Revision as of 17:51, 4 January 2018

Abstract

This work is focused on the most commonly used binarization method: Sauvola's. It performs relatively well on classical documents. However, three main defects remain: the window parameter of Sauvola's formula do not fit automatically to the content; it is not robust to low contrasts; it is non-invariant with respect to contrast inversion. Thus, on documents such as magazines, the content may not be retrieved correctly which is crucial for indexing purpose. In this paper, we describe how to implement an efficient multiscale implementation of Sauvola's algorithm in order to guarantee good binarization for both small and large objects inside a single document without adjusting the window size to the content. We also describe on how to implement it in an efficient way, step by step. Pixel-based accuracy and OCR evaluations are performed on more than 120 documents. This implementation remains notably fast compared to the original algorithm. For fixed parameters, text recognition rates and binarization quality are equal or better than other methods on small and medium text and is significantly improved on large text. Thanks to the way it is implemented, it is also more robust on textured text and on image binarization. This implementation extends the robustness of Sauvola's algorithm by making the results almost insensible to the window size whatever the object sizes. Its properties make it usable in full document analysis toolchains.

Documents

Resources

  • Source code (under GPL v2 licence) :
git clone git://git.lrde.epita.fr/olena -b papers/lazzara.13.ijdar && cd olena/scribo/scribo/binarization

This algorithm is also part of the generic image processing platform Olena

Outputs and Scores on classical datasets

Pixel-based Accuracy Evaluation

1. Sauvola MS_k

Dataset Recall p-Recall Precision F-measure (± std) p-FM (± std) PSNR DRD MPM Outputs
DIBCO'09 88.4088
-
76.3713 78.08 (± 18.498)
-
15.2386 14.084 4.5068 Outputs Outputs
H-DIBCO'10 52.9688 63.2666 83.6741 61.17 (± 25.326) 69.45 (± 26.880) 14.72 9.510 1.82 Outputs Outputs
DIBCO'11 79.3667
-
83.9283 79.31 (± 11.711)
-
15.33 8.156 11.5355 Outputs Outputs
H-DIBCO'12 66.5586 73.3397 88.0996 69.56 (± 18.316) 74.78 (± 17.063) 15.12 10.368 2.79 Outputs Outputs
CMATERdb 6.1 82.1535
-
95.2257 87.20 (± 8.872)
-
17.10 5.265 0.2405 Outputs Outputs


2. Sauvola MS_kx

Dataset Recall p-Recall Precision F-measure (± std) pF-measure (± std) PSNR DRD MPM Outputs
DIBCO'09 95.1858
-
69.2059 76.85 (± 20.277)
-
14.52 18.516 8.9698 Outputs Outputs
H-DIBCO'10 77.1109 88.8740 88.3846 80.03 (± 9.269) 87.07 (± 10.262) 16.36 6.896 3.42 Outputs Outputs
DIBCO'11 89.7931
-
75.0818 79.70 (± 12.689)
-
14.91 11.669 20.4354 Outputs Outputs
H-DIBCO'12 83.7305 84.6084 91.8082 81.77 (± 8.765) 86.41 (± 9.768) 16.51 8.369 5.34 Outputs Outputs
CMATERdb 6.1 91.4903
-
91.6986 91.34 (± 4.232)
-
18.18 3.775 0.8408 Outputs Outputs

These evaluation shows that our multiscale algorithm is equivalent to the classical Sauvola on historical documents. This result was expected as this algorithm is designed for magazines.

Outputs and Scores on LRDE's Document Binarization Dataset

Results have been produced using LRDE's Document Binarization Dataset (DBD) version 1.0.

Please refer to the article to know how they have been produced and what are the different document qualities.


Binary Outputs

Method Clean documents Scanned documents Original documents
Sauvola Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Sauvola MS_kx Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Sauvola MS_k Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Wolf Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Otsu Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Niblack Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Kim Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
TMMS Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Sauvola MsGb Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs
Su 2011 Outputs Outputs Outputs (1) Outputs (1) Outputs (2) Outputs (2)
Lelore Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs Outputs


(1) Due to program crashes, one output image is missing (page 103).

(2) Due to program crashes, one output image is missing (pages 43, 46, 80, 90, 94, 151)

Pixel-based Accuracy Evaluation

Method Precision Recall F-Measure Time (s)
Sauvola MS_kx 0.97 0.94 94.97 170
Lelore 0.99 0.88 92.9 1625
Sauvola MS_k 0.97 0.89 92.10 170
TMMS 0.90 0.95 91.97 250
Wolf 0.99 0.85 91.38 125
Otsu 0.98 0.84 90.33 67
Sauvola 0.99 0.82 89.67 155
Kim 0.99 0.82 89.34 260
Sauvola MsGb 0.99 0.82 89.29 31h
Niblack 0.89 0.91 88.79 170
Su 2011 0.98 0.80 87.3 8800

This evaluation shows that state-of-the-art implementations, like Su 2011, do not handle magazines correctly. The main issues encountered by all the methods are related to large objects and the fact that parameters do not fit to the contents. Our multiscale approach succeeds in improving classical Sauvola algorithm results because large objects are correctly retrieved. The computation time corresponds to the approximate total time needed to compute the whole 125 document binarization. All time measures have been performed on the same computer with an Intel Xeon W3520@2,67Ghz with 6GB of RAM, except for Lelore' method of which time was measured on an Intel i7 860@2,8Ghz.

OCR-based Evaluation

Method OCR error (%)
Set → Clean documents Scanned documents Original documents
Subset → S M L S M L S M L
Sauvola 2.62 2.61 6.00 5.49 3.87 7.75 2.62 2.61 6.90
Sauvola Ms_kx 2.59 2.21 4.83 5.14 2.74 5.68 2.54 2.28 5.25
Sauvola Ms_k 2.64 2.60 4.78 5.44 3.20 5.15 2.64 2.53 5.41
Wolf 2.60 2.42 5.04 5.14 3.43 6.53 2.61 2.52 6.48
Otsu 3.09 2.55 4.56 6.23 3.58 5.73 2.95 2.90 5.79
Niblack 2.68 2.28 6.79 4.96 5.15 12.79 2.68 2.28 7.80
Kim 2.79 3.01 5.47 7.03 5.08 7.80 2.78 3.01 6.37
TMMS 2.61 2.43 5.25 18.17 11.44 54.83 2.61 2.45 5.84
Sauvola MsGb 5.45 5.14 9.29 9.49 8.40 10.35 6.14 3.93 6.00
Su 2011 2.95 5.01 15.39 7.42 8.54 (3) 31.58 (3) 3.09 (4) 6.24 (4) 17.87 (4)
Lelore 2.46 2.21 4.88 8.01 3.44 8.65 2.51 2.22 4.88

(3) Due to program crashes, those scores do not include the results of 2 medium text lines out of 320 and of 57 small text lines out of 9551.

(4) Due to program crashes, those scores do not include the results of 9 large text lines out of 123, 9 medium text lines out of 320, 432 small text lines out of 9551.

References

  • [Fabrizio2009] J. Fabrizio, B. Marcotegui, M. Cord, Text segmentation in natural scenes using Toggle-Mapping, in the proceedings of the International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), 2009, pp.2373-2376. DOI: 10.1109/ICIP.2009.5413435
  • [Farrahi2010] R. Farrahi Moghaddam, M. Cheriet, A multi-scale framework for adaptive binarization of degraded document images, Pattern Recognition 43, 2010, 2186-2198. DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2009.12.024 website.
  • [Kim2004] In-Jung Kim, Multi-window binarization of camera image for document recognition, in the proceedings of the International Workshop on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition, 2004, pp. 323- 327. DOI: 10.1109/IWFHR.2004.70
  • [Lelore2011] T. Lelore, F. Bouchara, Super-resolved binarization of text based on the FAIR algorithm, in the proceedings of the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition, 2011, pp.839-843. DOI: 10.1109/ICDAR.2011.172
  • [Niblack1985] W. Niblack, An introduction to digital image processing, Strandberg Publishing Company Birkeroed, 1985, ISBN: 87-872-0055-4.
  • [Otsu1975] N. Otsu, A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Vol. 9, No. 1., January 1979, pp. 62-66.
  • [Sauvola2000] J. Sauvola, M. Pietikäinen, Adaptive document image binarization, Pattern Recognition, Volume 33, Issue 2, February 2000, Pages 225-236, ISSN 0031-3203, DOI: 10.1016/S0031-3203(99)00055-2.
  • [Su2011] B. Su, S. Lu, C. L. Tan, Binarization of historical document images using the local maximum and minimum, in the proceedings of the International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems, pages 159-166, 2010, ISBN: 978-1-60558-773-8, DOI: 10.1145/1815330.1815351 website.
  • [Wolf2004] C. Wolf, J.-M. Jolion, extraction and recognition of artificial text in multimedia documents, Pattern Analysis & Applications, Springer London, Issn: 1433-7541, pp.309-326, volume: 6, issue: 4, DOI: 10.1007/s10044-003-0197-7.

Bibtex (lrde.bib)

@Article{	  lazzara.13.ijdar,
  author	= {Guillaume Lazzara and Thierry G\'eraud},
  title		= {Efficient Multiscale {S}auvola's Binarization},
  journal	= {International Journal of Document Analysis and Recognition
		  (IJDAR)},
  year		= 2014,
  month		= jun,
  volume	= 17,
  number	= 2,
  pages		= {105--123},
  publisher	= {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
  doi		= {10.1007/s10032-013-0209-0},
  abstract	= {This work is focused on the most commonly used
		  binarization method: Sauvola's. It performs relatively well
		  on classical documents. However, three main defects remain:
		  the window parameter of Sauvola's formula do not fit
		  automatically to the content; it is not robust to low
		  contrasts; it is non-invariant with respect to contrast
		  inversion. Thus, on documents such as magazines, the
		  content may not be retrieved correctly which is crucial for
		  indexing purpose. In this paper, we describe how to
		  implement an efficient multiscale implementation of
		  Sauvola's algorithm in order to guarantee good binarization
		  for both small and large objects inside a single document
		  without adjusting the window size to the content. We also
		  describe on how to implement it in an efficient way, step
		  by step. Pixel-based accuracy and OCR evaluations are
		  performed on more than 120 documents. This implementation
		  remains notably fast compared to the original algorithm.
		  For fixed parameters, text recognition rates and
		  binarization quality are equal or better than other methods
		  on small and medium text and is significantly improved on
		  large text. Thanks to the way it is implemented, it is also
		  more robust on textured text and on image binarization.
		  This implementation extends the robustness of Sauvola's
		  algorithm by making the results almost insensible to the
		  window size whatever the object sizes. Its properties make
		  it usable in full document analysis toolchains.}
}